EIGE

Young people aged 15-24 neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET), by sex - quarterly data ta_wrklab_lab_act_inter_age_neet__lfsi_neet_q

Time format:
3 month periods (quarters)
Unit:
Percentage (comparable)
EU27_2020
EA20
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
IS
NO
CH
ME
MK
RS
TR
BA
2025-Q1
2024-Q4
2024-Q3
2024-Q2
2024-Q1
2023-Q4
2023-Q3
2023-Q2
2023-Q1
2022-Q4
2022-Q3
2022-Q2
2022-Q1
2021-Q4
2021-Q3
2021-Q2
2021-Q1
2020-Q4
2020-Q3
2020-Q2
2020-Q1
2019-Q4
2019-Q3
2019-Q2
2019-Q1
2018-Q4
2018-Q3
2018-Q2
2018-Q1
2017-Q4
2017-Q3
2017-Q2
2017-Q1
2016-Q4
2016-Q3
2016-Q2
2016-Q1
2015-Q4
2015-Q3
2015-Q2
2015-Q1
2014-Q4
2014-Q3
2014-Q2
2014-Q1
2013-Q4
2013-Q3
2013-Q2
2013-Q1
2012-Q4
2012-Q3
2012-Q2
2012-Q1
2011-Q4
2011-Q3
2011-Q2
2011-Q1
2010-Q4
2010-Q3
2010-Q2
2010-Q1
2009-Q4
2009-Q3
2009-Q2
2009-Q1
2008-Q4
2008-Q3
2008-Q2
2008-Q1
2007-Q4
2007-Q3
2007-Q2
2007-Q1
2006-Q4
2006-Q3
2006-Q2
2006-Q1
2005-Q4
2005-Q3
2005-Q2
2005-Q1
2004-Q4
2004-Q3
2004-Q2
2004-Q1
2003-Q4
2003-Q3
2003-Q2
2003-Q1
EU27_2020
9.3
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.1
9.4
9.2
9.8
10
10.5
10.3
11
11.3
11
11.6
12.4
11
10.4
10.6
10.4
10.5
10.7
10.9
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.6
11.5
11.5
12
12.1
12.1
12.3
12.5
12.8
12.6
12.8
12.9
13.1
13
13.3
13.3
13.4
13.4
13.5
13.3
13.3
13.1
13.1
12.9
12.8
12.9
12.9
12.7
12.9
12.8
12.9
12.7
12.7
12.3
12
EA20
9.3
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.4
9.2
9.7
9.9
10.3
10.2
10.9
11.2
11.2
11.8
12.8
11.2
10.5
10.6
10.5
10.7
10.7
11
11
11.3
11.4
11.8
11.6
11.5
12
12.1
12.1
12.3
12.5
12.8
12.5
12.6
12.8
13
12.8
13.3
13.2
13.2
13.3
13.3
13.2
13.1
12.9
13
12.7
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.6
12.8
12.8
12.9
12.8
12.8
12.5
12.2
BE
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.4
6.9
7.5
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.9
6.5
6.2
6.8
7.3(b)
9.5
8.4
8
9.9
8
8.7
8.5
7.8
9.3
8
8.7
8.8
8.5
8.3
9
8.4
9(b)
8.9
9
10.1
9
11.3
13.2
10.9
9.7
10.7
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.7
11.5
12
12.1
11.9
11.3
11.1
11.9
10.8
12.1
10.5
10.8
10.4
9.1
10.4
11
11
10.8
9.9
10
BG
10.5
10.8
10.5(b)
10
10.8
11
11.5
11.7
11.5
11.7
11.8
12.5
13.1
13.8
12.9
14.2
14.5
13.6
14.1
15.2
14.6
14.3
13.6
13.5
13.5(b)
14.1
15.7
15
15.3
14.1
15
15.9
16.5
18
17.9
17.8
19
19.1
19.5
19.5
18.7
19.2
19.7
20.2
21.5
20.9
21.4
21.3
21.9
21.5
21.5
21.1
21.3
21.3
21.4
21.8
22.2(b)
20.4
21.2
21.2
21.2(b)
20.1
19.9
19.3
18.4
CZ
4.8
5.2
5.3
4
4
5
5.3
7.6
7.3
8.3
6.7
8.6
8.4
6.3
5.6
6.9
7.4
7.3
6.9
6.3
5.9
6.1
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.7
6
5.6
6
6.5
6.2
6.4
6.8
7.2
6.9
7
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.6
7.8
8
7.9
8.8
9.5
9.3
8.8
8.9
8.9
9
8.7
8.9
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.4(b)
8.7
8.9
8.6
9.1
9.8
9.1
7.9
7.3
DK
7.8
6.8
7
7
6.7
7.1(b)
7.7
7
6.7
7.8
6.5
6.3
6.4
6.3
7.2
6.8
7.7
6.8
7.3
8.6
7.4
8.1
8.3
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.9
7.7
7.4
7.5
7.3
8(b)
7.6
7.1
6.7
6(b)
7.1
7.1
6.4
6.8
6.3
6
6.8
6.7
6.3
6.9
6.7
6.7
6.9
7.5
7.3
7.6
7.2
7.3
7.4
6.8
6.8
6.5
7
7.2
6.5
6.9
6.4
6.4
DE
7.9
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.3
7
6.8
6.9
6.7
7.4
7.8
7.6
7.9
8.4(u)
8.4(u)
8.8(u)
8.6(bu)
6.8
6.7
6.4
6.2
6.6
6.7
6.7
7.1
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.7
8
7.7
7.3
7.3
7
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.4
7.1
7.1
7.2
8
8
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.7
9.3(b)
9
9.7
9.4
10(b)
9.9
10.3
10.3
10
EE
7.9
9.1
13.6
8.6
9.8
10.6
12.9
6.5(u)
8.7
10.8
12.5
9.7
10
9.9
12.7
10.6
10.2
9.9
9.2
8.3
8.4
5.5(u)
8.4
9.1
7.7
11.8
11.6
9.1
8.1
8
9.5
10
10.7
8
10.2
8.9
10
12.1
11.2
11
10.9
11.3
13
12
9.7
9.4
9.9
11.6
14
10.8
11.4
13.6
12.1
11.6
12.3
10.2
11.4
10.6
10.8
16.1
17.3
13.7
14.4
14.6
14.2
IE
5.9
6.2
5
5.2
6.7
5.7
6.7
7.1
6.3
7.5
6.4
6.8
6.3
6.5
6.4
8.8
8.9(b)
10.6
12.8
14.8
9.8
9.7
10.4
10.6
9.7
10
9.9
10.3
10.1
9.7
10.7
11.4
12
12.7
11.7
12.4
13.5
13.4
14.9
14
14.6
14
15.5
15.4
16.2
15.3
16.6
16
17.7
17.9
20.6
19.1
19.1
19.5
18.6
19.2
19.2
20.1
18.8
19.2
19.6
20
18.9
17.9
16.5
EL
10.4
9.2
8.9
10.4
10
12.2
11.1
11.2
11
10.1
9.8
11.6
10.8
10.2
10.3
11.2
12.3
11.5
12.5
11.4
10.2
10.4
11.3
10.2
11.3
11.8
12
12.1
12.5
12.9
13
13.3
13.2
13.2
13.7
13.5
13.6
14.3
14.5
14.8
15.1
15.7
16.3
16.5
17.4
17.6
17.5
17.4
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.4
16.7
16.2
14.9
14.8
13.6
13.2
13.1
12.4
11.6
11.1
10.7
10.2
10.2
ES
9.7(d)
9.9(d)
9.9(d)
10.3(d)
10.4(d)
10.3(d)
9.8(d)
9.8(d)
9.7(d)
10.8(d)
10.6(d)
10(d)
10.4(d)
10.4(d)
10(d)
11.6(d)
12(d)
12.6
14.6
15.4
12.8
11.6
12
12.3
12.6
12.2
11.8
12.6
13.2
13.4
13.2
13.5
13.3
14.1
14.5
14.9
15
15.3
15.5
15.8
16
16.5
17.5
16.9
17.6
17.8
18.4
18.9
19.4
19.3
18.1
18.5
18.5
18
18.2
18.6
18.3
17.8
18.1
17.8
17.5
18.1
18.8
18
17.4
FR
11.1(d)
11(d)
10.3(d)
10.8(d)
10.7(d)
10.5(d)
10.6(d)
10.4(d)
10.6(d)
10.5(d)
9.9(d)
10(d)
10(d)
10.2(d)
10.1(d)
10.7(d)
11.4(d)
10.2
11.2
13.1
10.5
10.5
10.7
10.3
10.3
10.4
11.5
10.7
11.1
11
11.3
11.7
11.1
11.6
11.8
11.6
11.8
11.9
12.1
11.5
11.6
11.2
10.8
11.1
11.2
11.1
10.6
10.7
10.5
10.1
10.1
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.5
10
9.9
9.6
10.1
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.1
10
9.9
8.8
8.4
8.5
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.6
8.5
8.7
9.1
9.2
9.3
9
9.2
8.7
8.9
8.9
8.6
8.5
8.8
8.5
8.5
8.4
7.9
HR
8.4(u)
8.3(u)
7(u)
8.3(u)
9.1(u)
8.9(u)
9.3(u)
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.1
11.5
9.9
11.9
11.4
13.6
13.3
11.6
12.2
12.7
11.9
12.9
11.2
11.3
12.8
11.9
13.8
13.7
14
15.7
15.3
13.5
16.6
16.1
18
19
14.8
17.4
18.1
17.7
17.8
18.1
18.9
18.1
19.7
19
18.8
20.7
19.5
18.2
16.4
15.8
16.5(b)
15.7
16
16.9
16
16.6
17.3
15.7
12.9
13.4
13.3
13.5
14.3
IT
11.2
11.3
12.1
12
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.9
13
13.6
13.9
17.3
18.6
19.5
19.2
20.4
19.9
19.4
19.8
21.2
19.4
19
18.7
18.9
19.8
20
20.1
20.7
20.4(b)
20.6
22
21.1
20.4
21.5
20.9
20.1
21.2
21.6
22.5
22.7
23.1
23.2
23.5
22.7
23.5
23.6
23.5
23.3
22.8
22.2
22.2
22.1
22
21.3
20.7
20.8
20.4
20.2
20.2
20
19.7
19.4
18.9
18.2
17.8
CY
10.9
9.8
9.8
11.9
11.2
12.6
11.7
11.5
12.3
13.2
12.1
12.5
12.1
12.1
12
12.7
13.9
14.7
15.2
14.3
11.4
12.2
14.2
13.5
14.5
12.9
12.2
12.3
15.5
14.6
15.7
17.3
17.2
17.3
16.2
15.7
14.8
14.7
16.3
14.1
16
16.1
17.9
17.4
16.7
17.8
18.5
19.7
18.8
16.7
16.5
15.2
15
16.1
15.2
13.7
13.3
12
11.6
11.3
11.7
9.3
10.8
10.3
9.1
LV
9.2
9.8
9.3
9
7.5
7.2
6.7
6.2
8.7
9
9
8.2
7.5
8.3
6.1
9.7
9.4
7
6.7
6.9
7.7
6.2
10.1
8.1
7.5
8.1
8
7.9
8.1
9.1
9.6
10.7
11.7
10.6
10.5
12
12.1
11.9
11.1
10
9.9
11.8
11.9
11.9
12.5
12.3
12.9
13.5
13.6
13
15.9
14.6
15.7
15.2
15.7
17.5
15.9
15.6
17.7
18.6
19.5
17.7
17.9
16.8
17.7
LT
11.4
13.2
18.6
13.4
13.7
13.3
13.4
13
14.3
12.9
7.3
8.8
10.4
11
11.3
12.4
10.2
10.2
12.3
10.7
9.9
9.8
8.9
7.9
8.5
9.3
8.4
6.5
8.4
9.4
10
7.8
9.2
9.3
9.3
10
8.9
8.5
9.1
8.6
10.6
9.4
10.6
9.8
9.9
10.7
11.7
11.6
10.7
10.7
12.2
10.8
11.3
10.8
11.9
12
12.5
12.8
13.1
12.3
13.9
11.7
12.4
12.7
11.5
LU
6.4
7.9
12.6
8
9
8.8
8
9.4
9.2
9.7
5.9
6.9
4.6(u)
8.7
10.7
10
5.4(u)
5.1(u)
8
7.5
5.6(u)
6.2
6.1
5.2(u)
5(u)
5.8
4.7(u)
3.8(u)
6.9
7.4
7.1
4(u)
4.9(u)
5.6(u)
5.8(u)
5.3(u)
5.1(u)
7.6
5.8(u)
5.7(u)
5.6(bu)
6.4(u)
7
5.8(u)
5.9(u)
4.4(u)
4.4(u)
5.5(u)
5.4(u)
6.1(u)
4.9(u)
6.5(u)
6.3(u)
5.4(u)
5.2(u)
(u)
5.3(u)
4.1(u)
4.8(u)
5(u)
6.7(u)
7(u)
5.7(u)
5.6(u)
4.9(u)
HU
9.5
9.5
10.2
9.6
10.6
10.3
9.5
10.2
9.4
10.5
9.2
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.4
10.6
11.6
11.1
11.3
11.4
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.9
9.6
9.7
9.6
9.7
10.2(b)
10.3
10.5
10.2
10.4
9.9
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.6
10.8
11.6
11.8
12.6
13.3
13.6
13.2
14.2
14.7
15.2
15.9
14.9
15.2
13.8
13.7
12.9
12.5
12.4
12.9
11.9
11.8
11.9
12.5
13.4
13.3
12.8
12.7
MT
8.2(u)
8.6(u)
8.7
6.9(u)
6.3(u)
6.1(u)
10
8.6
8.3(u)
8.1(u)
6.1(u)
6.8(u)
7.8(u)
11.3
10.2
10.8
10
8.8
11.8
10
8(u)
10.3
8.5
11
6.6
8.7
7
6.6
7.2
8.8
8.6
8.8
8.2
7.3
9.9
8.8
9
10.6
11
10.3
10.2
10.3
12.6
9.1
9.1
10.9
11.4
10
7.5
10.4
10.7
9.9
12.2
9.8
10.2
10.4
10.3
10.7
9.3
9.8
8.3
10
9.3
10.7
9.5
NL
4
3.9
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.9
5.9
6
6
5.2
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.8
5.4
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.8
6
6.3
6.2
5.8
5.8
6.2
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.2
7
7.1
6.6
7.2
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.2
6
5.7
5
5.9
6
6.1
5.9
6.6
6.7
6.6
6
6
AT
9.7
8.8
8.8
8.5
8.6
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.1
8.5
7.8
7.7
8.4
9
8.5
8.1
8.1
6.9
11
8.5
8.4
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.2
7.6
7.5
7.1
7.1
6.9
7.4
8
8
8.6
8.8
8.8
8.2
8.1
7.8
8.5
8.3
7.9
8.8
8.1
7.9
8.3
7.8
7
7.8
7.3
7.8
8.3
7.4
8.3
7.8
7.8
8.2
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.3
8.9
8.8
PL
8.1
6.9
7
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.6
7.1
6.5
6.6
7.8
7.8
10
11.7
10.4
11.5
11.1
8.8
8.6
8.9
8.3
7.5
8.2
8
8.1(b)
9
8.7
8.6
8.8
9.7
9.6
9.4
10
10.5
11
10.7
11
11
10.8
11.5
11.6
11.7
12.1
12.5
12.6
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.7
12.4
12.1
11.9
12
12
12
11.6
11.4
11
11.2
11
10.8(b)
10.7
10.7
10.2
10
PT
7.9
7.2
7.2
8.2
8.4
8.9
7.6
7.3
8
7.4
6.8
6.4
6.2
7.5
7.1
8.2
8
8.2
10.4
10.1
7.8
7.4
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.7
8.8
10.2
9.1
9.2
10.4
10.6
9.9
10.9
11.3
11.4
10.6
11.4
11.9
11.1
12.4
13.4
12.8
14.7
14.4
14.7
14.2
15
12.8
13.6
13.5
12.9
12.2
11.7
11.5
11
12.3
11.6
11.2
10.5
11.8
11.1
RO
17.8
17.6
16.3
17.4
17.1
16.6
17.1
16.7
16.2
16.7
17.6
18.1
17.4
17.6
18
17.3
19.2
18.9
18.8
18.2
17.9
18.1
18.7
18.7
18
18.2
18.4
18.1
18.5
19.1
18.6
18.6
20.2
21
21.2
21.3
21.4
22
22.6
22.8
23.6
22
22.1
21.2
20.7
21.3
21.5
21.3
21.2
21
21.4
21.3
21.2
21.5
21.7
21.6
21.7
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.2
17.1
16.3
15.2
14.9
SI
7.3
6.9
6.8
8
7.3
7.8(u)
7.4(u)
7.6(u)
6.1
7.2
7.4
9.6
7.7
6.9
7.1
5.8(u)
7.2
6.5
6.9
7.2
7.1
6.4
7.4
5.4(u)
6
5.8
6.5
5.4
6.4
5.9
5.8
6.4
6.4
7.1
7.5
7.1
7.7
8
8.1
8.3
9.6
9.2
8.3
8.2
8.6
8
8.8
8.7
8.5
9
9.4
7.9
7.3
7.1
5.9
6.1
7.3
6.9
6.5
7
6.1
6.3
7.3
6
7.2
SK
8.1
8.6
8.3
9.1
9.2
8.9
9.3
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.6
10.6
10.4
10.5
11.2
11.9
10.8
10.5
11.4
10.6
11.1
10.8
10.4
9.4
9.2
10.2
10.5
11.5
12
12.3
12.1
12.6
12.5
12.4
12.2
12.7
12.9
14.2
14.4
14
13
12.9
12.8
13.5
13.5
13.8
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.2
13.6
14
13.5
14
14.3
14.5(b)
14.2
14.3
14.7
14.3
13.7
13.2
12.4
11.6
FI
9.3
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
7.8
8.1
6.5
7.5
7.4
8.1
8.1
6.8
7.9
6.4
7.6
8.7
7.8
8.3
9.6
8.1
7.5
6.9
8.3
7.4
7.7
7.6
8.1
8
8.2
8.7
8.3
9.3
9.1
8.8
8.8
9.6
9.2
10
9.5
10
10.2
9.4
8.2
9.1
8.7
8.4
8.1
8.7
8
7.5
8
8.3
7.5
8.2
7.5
8
8
8.2
8.3
8.8
9.3
9.7
9
8.3
SE
5.6
5.3
6
5.3
5.2
5.5
5.3
4.9
4.6
5
4.7
4.8
5.2
4.9
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.5
7.2
6.5
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.5
5.7
6
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
6
6.1
5.7
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.7
7
7.3
7.3
6.9
7
7.5
7.6
7.3
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.1
7
7
7.9
7.8
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.5
8.7
7.1
6.9
7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.3
IS
3.9
2.3
4.8
4.1
4.5
3.3
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.5
3.7
5.3
4.1
4.4
4.6
5.5
5.4
6.4(b)
5.9
6.6
4.5
6.6
4.6
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.3
5.5
5
3.9
5.2
2.8
4
3.7
4.7
3.5
4.4
3.9
4.8
4.2
5.5
4.8
6.6
5.2
5.7
4.9
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.7
4.9
6.5
6.4
6.3
5.9
8
6.7
5.3
6.5
9.1
8
6.8
7
8.3
7
NO
5.8
5.9
6.3
5.4
5.3
5.2
4.9
5.9
5.3
5.8
7
5.9
6.1
5.3
6.9
5.8
6.8
7.2
6.2
8.1
7.7
8
6.5
6.7
7.4
7.1
7.5
7.3
6.9
7
6.1
7.1
7.2
7.6
8.1
8.1
8
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.4
7.8
7.9
8.4
8.9
8.8
9.1
7.9
7.9
8.2
7.9
7.4
7.2
7.1
7.1
8.3
7.9
7.7
7.3
6.8
7.4
7.3
7.6
7.4
7.5
CH
8.4
10.1
9.8
8.2
9.3
7.4
8.2
7.4
6.7
6
6.3
7.2
6.2
6.8
6.7
5.6
5.7
5.9
6
6
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.1
6.5
6.7
7
7.2
7
7.6
7.6
7
6.9
7.1
7.1
7.6
7.9
7.5
7.8
7
6.9
6.9
6.5
7.3
6.8
6.5
6.5
7.1
7.7
7.5
7.1
6.2
6.5(b)
8.8
ME
20.3
19.9
21.9
22.3
19.3
16.2
16.4
17.4
17.6
16
15.4
15.9
19.1
16
15.5
16.2
18.1
18.5
17.6
19.4
20.6
20.2
19.4
16.3
19.4
16.8
16.2
18.4
22
18.5
16.9
16.9
17.7
19.6
14.3
19.5
18.9
17.5
18.9
17.6
MK
20.2
20.6
19.5
18.1
18.3
19.4
16.2
18.6
23.4
25.9
24.8
22.5
24
27
25.2
23.3
24.1
24.3
23.7
25.2
26
25.9
24.2
22.7
24.1
26.7
25
24.9
24.8
24.3
23.6
24.1
24.4
26.4
24
24.4
27.5
24.8
25.4
23
23.4
26.5
26.4
25.8
27.1
27
27
29.6
RS
13.3
13.1
12.5
12.3
13.6
13.6
12.4
12.4
11.4
11.6
13
13.2
15.6
15.9
18.1
15.4
18.7
18.1
15.7
17.2
15
16.3
16.6
15.3
15.2
18.3
16.5
15.8
17.9
18.4
17.5
16.6
19.5
17.5
18.8
18.7
20
21.2
21.8
20.7
22
21.4
21.7
23.2
22.7
22
21.3
21
22.2
23.9
25
24.7
25
23.9
24.3
25.4
25.9
24
24
24.7
25.2
TR
23.3
23.4
22.7
22.5
22.1
21.9
22.6
23.2
23
24.2
24.6
24.7
25.5
23.1
25.5
25.3(b)
27.7
27.2
31.4
27.3
25.9
26.6
26.2
25.4
25
25.2
24
23.4
23.4
24.6
24.1
24.5
24.4
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.7
23.7
24.2
23.9
24.9
24.9
24.7
24.6(b)
25.1
24.5
25.8
26.7
27.2
29.1
29
29.5
28.5
29.2
29.9
30.7
31.9
32.1
32.2
32.9
33.9
34
35.4
36.6
BA
14.7
15.3
14.6
15.5
13.6
15.6
17
16.8
16.5
17.5
18.8
18.2
18.2
18.4
19.2
20.1
22.1

Available flags:

b break in time series c confidential
d definition differs, see metadata e estimated
f forecast i see metadata
m imputed n not significant
p provisional r revised
s Eurostat estimate u low reliability
x dropped due to insufficient sample size y unreliable due to small sample size
z not applicable