The indicator shows what percentage of all women researchers (respectively, men researchers) are on ‘precarious working contracts&rsquo in the higher education sector.
'Precarious employment' includes:
Countries refer to researchers’ country of current employment. Weighting was applied to increase the representativeness of the sample.
The data was collected from the 2021, 2018, and 2015 She Figures publications. These publications investigate the level of progress made towards gender equality in research &innovation (R&I) in Europe. She figures is the main source of pan‑European, comparable statistics on the representation of women and men amongst PhD graduates, researchers and academic decision‑makers.
The She Figures publications, in turn, have collected data from the Mobility Patterns and Career Paths of the EU Researchers (MORE4, MORE3, and MORE2) Surveys (European Commission, 2013 and 2017). The surveys apply a robust methodology ensuring high quality of the results and data presented here.
Available flags:
| b | break in time series | c | confidential |
| d | definition differs, see metadata | e | estimated |
| f | forecast | i | see metadata |
| m | imputed | n | not significant |
| p | provisional | r | revised |
| s | Eurostat estimate | u | low reliability |
| x | dropped due to insufficient sample size | y | unreliable due to small sample size |
| z | not applicable |